Potential of Gambir Leaf Extract (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) as an Antimicrobial Agent

Abstract

Introduction: Infectious diseases caused by microorganisms remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Antimicrobial resistance is a global challenge that drives the search for new antimicrobial agents from natural sources. Gambir leaves are known to contain bioactive compounds such as catechins, tannins, and phenolics, which have potential as natural antibacterials. This study aims to review the current literature on the potential of gambier leaf extract as an antimicrobial agent.

Methods: The study was conducted using a systematic literature review approach with the PRISMA method. Data sources were obtained from the Scopus database for publications from 2020–2025 using the keyword "Uncaria gambir Roxb.". Of the 117 articles found, eleven studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed using the PICOS approach.

Discussion: The results of a review of ten literatures indicate that gambier has dominant antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. Furthermore, gambier can be used as an antifungal agent, such as against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus chevalieri, and has antiviral effects against HSV-1.

Conclusion: Uncaria gambir Roxb. has broad and consistent antimicrobial potential, supported by antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and photodynamic-based antimicrobial activities. Active compounds such as catechins, tannins, and bis-anthraquinones are key components involved in these bioactive mechanisms. Standardization of the extract, determination of effective doses, and further preclinical testing are needed to optimize the use of gambier as a natural antimicrobial agent.